9 10 264 https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/d49f8d0b84aff13f791c8c2420fedf4e.png 4d57e7693623c7a0e67dc29de449d2e6 https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/f3bb76afa6e54d47fead956e0ec0de31.png 9b36b6b0f67a6ac5d63ae84f7fa5d566 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fossils Description An account of the resource <p>Welcome to the fossils section of the website. This is designed to help you learn the different characteristics of each major fossil group so that you are able to distinguish between them.</p> <p>First year students, please refer to the specimens housed in the first year teaching laboratory. There is no substitute for handling the specimens themselves; this website is just an accessory to help you along the way.</p> <p>Animals occupy different environments, have different life habits and lived through different periods in geological time. It is good to be aware of these differences in lifestyle and timing, within and between phyla, classes, orders and families.</p> Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <h2>Bivalve</h2> Description An account of the resource <h2>Taxonomy</h2> <p>Phylum: Mollusca</p> <p>Class: Bivalvia</p> <h2>Diagnostic features</h2> <p>Palial line/palial sinus</p> <p>Adductor muscle scars</p> <p>Growth lines</p> <p>Dorsoventral symmetry (some exceptions, for example<span> </span><em>Gryphaea</em>)</p> <p>Two hinged valves</p> <p>Umbo</p> <p>Hinge</p> <p>Gills (rarely preserved)</p> <h2>Stratigraphic range</h2> <p>Cambrian to present</p> <h2>Way of life</h2> <p>Bivalves have occupied many environmental niches, living in a variety of ways:</p> <p>Epifaunal, infaunal, nektonic</p> <p>Marine, freshwater, brackish</p> <p>Filter feeders through gills</p> <p>Majority of bivalves begin life in a planktonic larval stage</p> <p>By looking at the shell shape and palial sinus of fossil bivalves it is possible to say something about its mode of life.</p> <h2>Advanced notes</h2> <p>Apparent increase in bivalve diversity over time (or is this just a preservational bias?)</p> <p>Bivalves makes their shells out of calite, aragonites, or both</p> <p>The adductor muscles are used to keep the shell of the bivalve closed. This means that when they are relaxed, the ligament between the valves pulls them apart, so the 'relaxed state' for bivalves is 'open'.</p> <p>The depth at which infaunal bivalves burrowed can be inferred from the palial sinus. The more prominent the palial sinus, the deeper the bivalve burrowed. This is because the size of the palial sinus is indicative of the size of siphon needed, which in turn depends on the depth of the burrow (deeper burrow, larger siphon).</p> <h2>Specimens</h2> <p><a href="/p1acollections/exhibits/show/bivalves" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Browse bivalves</a></p> <h2>Links</h2> <p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5O1XYZcDh8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">youtube</a>: scallops swimming</p> <p><a href="http://www.museum.zoo.cam.ac.uk/bivalve.molluscs/lifestyles.of.bivalve.molluscs/">Cambridge University Museum of Zoology</a>: Lifestyles of bivalves</p> <p><a href="http://peabody.yale.edu/collections/blog/2011-11-07/brachiopods-versus-bivalves" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History</a>: differences between bivalves and brachiopods</p> <p><a href="https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/nature-fossil-record/types-of-fossil-preservation/">Learn about types of preservation</a></p> <h2>Also</h2> <p>Go to the front of the 1A Lab. A display on the right hand side (by the window) shows a number of bivalves in life position. Have a look at how they have adapted their shape and other features to their way of life.</p> shell symmetry https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/3a257895e552cc9a42e6ac5774407bd9.png dc2dad9fd7d160c31562b376fefd5d86 https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/681a3322d8361d0effa47eeba5bf16f5.png e29f38b5f17fc831df2d51da1a9a7ab4 Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <h2><strong>TF0101<br /></strong></h2> <h2>Dunbarella</h2> Subject The topic of the resource <h3>Age</h3> <div class="element-text">Carboniferous</div> Description An account of the resource <div class="element"> <h3>Stratigraphic Range</h3> <div class="element-text">Permian to Carboniferous</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Taxonomy</h3> <div class="element-text">Phylum: Mollusca<br />Class: Bivalvia<br />Order: Pectinida<br />Family: Pterinopectinidae</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Distinctive Features</h3> <div class="element-text">Ribs<br />Umbo<br />Growth lines</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Preservation</h3> <div class="element-text">Compression between mud layers<br />Potentially carbonization, though could be simply an external mould</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Advanced notes</h3> <div class="element-text">Because of the bilateral symmetry and preservation at first glance this could be mistakenly identified as a brachiopod. Other specimens, with different preservation, show that this is in fact a bivalve, and once you have seen enough of these you will know that <em>Dunbarella</em> is a bivalve not a brachiopod.</div> </div> symmetry https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/68706e044dabbaeaa65efeeb270d7144.png 6d189212c6e1ef5dc5c20ece770934de https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/5fa32bd97f9d6efed25d1d3ea2d92bc9.png 9b4f5a3ec142e9190442e400fdd949b2 Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <h2><strong>TF0102<br /></strong></h2> <h2>Liostrea</h2> Subject The topic of the resource <h3>Age</h3> <div class="element-text">Jurassic</div> Description An account of the resource <div class="element"> <h3>Species</h3> <div class="element-text">Liostrea</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Stratigraphic Range</h3> <div class="element-text">Triassic to Eocene</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Taxonomy</h3> <div class="element-text">Phylum: Mollusca<br />Class: Bivalvia<br />Order: Gryphaeidae</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Distinctive Features</h3> <div class="element-text">Growth lines<br />Two articulating valves<br />Adductor muscle scar</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Preservation</h3> <div class="element-text">Original shell material</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Advanced notes</h3> <div class="element-text"> <p>Much like modern oysters<span> </span><em>Liostrea<span> </span></em>lived as a stationary epifaunal suspension feeder, encrusting hard substrates, after an initially planktonic larval stage.</p> </div> </div> oyster symmetry https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/68cd5408832e8920f4130571bd4941fb.png cb4dc9dc532af24644a44cfa0babaa34 https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/fe0774b486c5eeca25d026d816434661.png c1291e523262e8445f141252542a040d Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <h2><strong>TF0103<br /></strong></h2> <h2>Trigonia</h2> Subject The topic of the resource <h3>Age</h3> <div class="element-text">Jurassic</div> Description An account of the resource <div class="element"> <h3>Stratigraphic Range</h3> <div class="element-text">Jurassic to recent</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Taxonomy</h3> <div class="element-text">Phylum: Mollusca<br />Class: Bivalvia<br />Order: Trigoniida<br />Family: Trigoniidae</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Distinctive Features</h3> <div class="element-text">Ribs<br />Dentition, hinge<br />Growth lines</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Preservation</h3> <div class="element-text">Set 1:<br />Mineral replacement of shell (aragonite to calcite)<br />Set 2:<br />Disarticulation of valves<br />Sediment infil (oolitic ironstone, which gives the reddy colour to the specimen)<br />Mineral replacement of shell (aragonite to calcite)</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Advanced notes</h3> <div class="element-text">Strong ribs are present on the anterior part of the shell - perhaps to discourage predators or as a response to a high energy environment?</div> </div> https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/64a81e75f32ef424298959c7cebc3761.png fd4c67ca787135e9207cfd3b36d12788 https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/9a18218036d06e6443dcba55b46080f9.png 7dd7d4f45a02ec1705e08342bb998e3a Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <h2><strong>TF0104<br /></strong></h2> <h2>Exogyra virgula</h2> Subject The topic of the resource <div class="element"> <h3>Age</h3> <div class="element-text">Jurassic</div> </div> Description An account of the resource <div class="element"> <h3>Species</h3> <div class="element-text">virgula</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Stratigraphic Range</h3> <div class="element-text">Jurassic</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Taxonomy</h3> <div class="element-text">Phylum: Mollusca<br />Class: Bivalvia<br />Order: Ostreoida<br />Family: Gryphaeidae</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Distinctive Features</h3> <div class="element-text">Growth lines<br />Ribs<br />Umbo<br />Two valves</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Preservation</h3> <div class="element-text">Mineral replacement of shell</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Advanced notes</h3> <div class="element-text"> <p>A feature characteristic of the<span> </span><em>Gryphaeidae<span> </span></em>is two asymmetric valves. The upper valve (the right valve in development) is flat, whilst the lower (left) valve is curved<em>.</em></p> </div> </div> https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/8eaa473dd7d61a0f9b949c52940b3f8b.png 04b32654ed12f34a9ab33ca5a7f279cb https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/71b6d92cb571f5b62e0a31e9f4cb53c2.png 8af57c96212361611f10dd5fe642ffb4 https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/fadbed9c87d573d69f1173fe10c1db8d.png c62560bc8a56e403d190ecfb3b89093a https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/5e0852343c05f438ad6ec179fc0255ab.png c2ba21732421be06bf0edaa3ea27dc95 Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <h2><strong>TF0105<br /></strong></h2> <h2>Gryphaea dilatata</h2> Description An account of the resource <div class="element"> <h3>Species</h3> <div class="element-text">Gryphaea dilatata</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Stratigraphic Range</h3> <div class="element-text">Jurassic</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Taxonomy</h3> <div class="element-text">Phylum: Mollusca<br />Class: Bivalvia<br />Order: Ostreoida<br />Family: Gryphaeidae</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Distinctive Features</h3> <div class="element-text">Umbo<br />Growth lines<br />Two articulated valves</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Preservation</h3> <div class="element-text">Mineral replacement of shell</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Advanced notes</h3> <div class="element-text"> <p>Asymmetric valves distinctive for<span> </span><em>Gryphaeidae<span> </span></em>- flat upper (right) valve and curved lower (left) valve. With this shape<span> </span><em>Gryphaea<span> </span></em>reclined in the sediment, filter feeding.</p> <p>Repair scars are visible on most<span> </span><em>Gryphaea</em><span> </span>specimens. When the animal was attacked unsuccessfully by a predator, a small amount of a growth line at the edge of the shell would have been chipped away. The next growth line would have filled in the missing part of the shell, leaving an uneven growth line pattern, with a 'v' or 'u' shape visible.</p> </div> </div> devil's toenail https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/c3324586885f42157f049b9c036cac25.png 89e8817421f2f384e81f9f4420f7481f https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/b9045139e77d79063f1fc1982f435a4c.png 5974d4cb8b58a91600da59ca2859d794 Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <h2><strong>TF0106<br /></strong></h2> <h2>Gervillella</h2> Subject The topic of the resource <h3>Age</h3> <div class="element-text">Cretaceous</div> Description An account of the resource <div class="element"> <h3>Stratigraphic Range</h3> <div class="element-text">Triassic to Cretaceous</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Taxonomy</h3> <div class="element-text">Phylum: Mollusca<br />Class: Bivalvia<br />Order: Ostreoida<br />Family: Bakevelliidae<br />Genus: Gervillella</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Distinctive Features</h3> <div class="element-text">Umbo<br />Growth lines<br />Two articulated valves</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Preservation</h3> <div class="element-text">Mineral replacement of shell</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Advanced notes</h3> <div class="element-text">Judging by the long elongate valves, this bivalve likely lived as a stationary semi-infaunal suspension feeder.</div> </div> infaunal suspension https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/e254f9adffba091e666a22ebfe0c7129.png e02d8d2835ff2d321c9b7598d1e9562c https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/60c703c1100108e36f83219896dd885b.png e701eeac71bd3e5b09df5181f011b0d0 Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <h2><strong>TF0107<br /></strong></h2> <h2>Spondylus</h2> Subject The topic of the resource <div class="element"> <h3>Age</h3> <div class="element-text">Cretaceous</div> </div> Description An account of the resource <div class="element"> <h3>Stratigraphic Range</h3> <div class="element-text">Triassic to present</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Taxonomy</h3> <div class="element-text">Phylum: Mollusca<br />Class: Bivalvia<br />Order: Pectinoida<br />Family: Spondylidae<br />Genus: Spondylus</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Distinctive Features</h3> <div class="element-text">Umbo<br />Ribs<br />Dorso-ventral symmetry<br />Two valves</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Preservation</h3> <div class="element-text">Mineral replacement of shell</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Advanced notes</h3> <div class="element-text">Rarely for bivalves<span> </span><em>Spondylus<span> </span></em>articulates its valves using a ball and socket hinge, not a toothed hinge. It was spiny when alive (to discourage predators).</div> </div> https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/c9e2499a122e4597e9f19df699963504.png 03ed8962e155e2a3b0dd13cae844caa9 https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/0c9a1fbc0adddfdfe032510a8edfd904.png 656d6a73e5c4e87bd30f15a61bbc6ca5 Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <h2><strong>TF0108<br /></strong></h2> <h2>Inoceramus</h2> Subject The topic of the resource <h3>Age</h3> <div class="element-text">Cretaceous</div> Description An account of the resource <div class="element"> <h3>Stratigraphic Range</h3> <div class="element-text">Jurassic to Cretaceous</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Taxonomy</h3> <div class="element-text">Phylum: Mollusca<br />Class: Bivalvia<br />Order: Praecardioida<br />Family: Inoceramidae<br />Genus: Inoceramus</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Distinctive Features</h3> <div class="element-text">Ribs<br />Umbo<br />Two valves<br />Near dorso-ventral symmetry</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Preservation</h3> <div class="element-text">Internal mould</div> </div> symmetry https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/e203589dd9ac05b05396221eaef8f8f7.png e0acc7fae3bf649ef8357b63348e383c https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/p1acollections/files/original/8ba045235ba811efd4c4aae24e29404f.png 686f4e75efc38769320b89f851c06a21 Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <h2><strong>TF0109<br /></strong></h2> <h2>Crassatella</h2> Description An account of the resource <div class="element"> <h3>Stratigraphic Range</h3> <div class="element-text">Eocene</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Taxonomy</h3> <div class="element-text">Phylum: Mollusca<br />Class: Bivalvia<br />Order: Carditoida<br />Family: Crassatellidae<br />Genus: Crassatella</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Distinctive Features</h3> <div class="element-text">Ribs<br />Growth lines<br />Umbo<br />Dentition<br />Adductor muscle scars<br />Palial line</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Preservation</h3> <div class="element-text">Original shell material</div> </div> <div class="element"> <h3>Advanced notes</h3> <div class="element-text"><em>Crassatella<span> </span></em>lived as a mobile infaunal suspension feeder. It could change location as a response to predators, food supply or other factors.</div> </div> infaunal suspension